[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":240},["ShallowReactive",2],{"hub-era-independence":3},[4,17,31,44,54,68,80,91,102,115,125,139,148,159,168,179,190,196,204,214,227,235],{"name":5,"slug":6,"image":7,"country":8,"born":9,"died":10,"era":11,"summary":12,"causes":13},"Andrée Blouin","andree-blouin","/women/andree-blouin.jpg","Central African Republic",1921,1986,"Independence","A Pan-African organizer from the Central African Republic who turned the death of her small son, denied malaria medicine reserved for Europeans, into a fight that helped free Guinea and put her at Patrice Lumumba's side in Congo.",[14,15,16],"Pan-African independence","Women's political power","Equal access to medicine",{"name":18,"slug":19,"image":20,"country":21,"born":22,"died":23,"era":11,"summary":24,"causes":25},"Annie Jiagge","annie-jiagge","/women/annie-jiagge.jpg","Ghana",1918,1996,"Ghanaian jurist who became the first woman judge in the Commonwealth of Nations and the principal drafter of the 1967 UN declaration that grew into CEDAW, the world's bill of rights for women.",[26,27,28,29,30],"Women's rights","Judicial reform","Anti-apartheid activism","Women's economic empowerment","Constitutional development",{"name":32,"slug":33,"image":34,"country":35,"born":36,"died":37,"era":11,"summary":38,"causes":39},"Aoua Keita","aoua-keita","/women/aoua-keita.jpg","Mali",1912,1980,"Malian midwife, politician, and activist who became the first woman elected to Mali's National Assembly. Campaigned for women's suffrage, healthcare, and independence from France.",[40,41,42,43],"Political rights","Women's suffrage","Healthcare rights","Anti-colonial activism",{"name":45,"slug":46,"image":47,"country":48,"born":49,"died":50,"era":11,"summary":51,"causes":52},"Bibi Titi Mohammed","bibi-titi-mohammed","/women/bibi-titi-mohammed.jpg","Tanzania",1926,2000,"The Dar es Salaam singer who talked thousands of women into joining Tanganyika's independence movement, helped found a nation, then was erased from its story after a treason trial, until historians restored her name.",[11,15,53],"Grassroots organizing",{"name":55,"slug":56,"image":57,"country":58,"born":59,"died":60,"era":11,"summary":61,"causes":62},"Carmen Pereira","carmen-pereira","/women/carmen-pereira.jpg","Guinea-Bissau",1936,2016,"PAIGC political commissar who commanded the southern front of Guinea-Bissau's liberation war and, in May 1984, became the first woman ever to act as head of state of an African country.",[63,64,65,66,67],"National independence","Women's equality in liberation movements","Public health","Pan-African women's solidarity","Women's political leadership",{"name":69,"slug":70,"image":71,"country":72,"born":73,"died":74,"era":11,"summary":75,"causes":76},"Deolinda Rodrigues","deolinda-rodrigues","/women/deolinda-rodrigues.jpg","Angola",1939,1968,"Angolan revolutionary, poet and translator who corresponded with Martin Luther King Jr., co-founded the MPLA's women's organisation, marched with the guerrilla Camy Squadron, and was captured and executed at 29. Angola marks Women's Day on the date of her capture.",[77,26,78,79],"Anti-colonial resistance","Scholarship & literature","Pan-Africanism",{"name":81,"slug":82,"image":83,"country":84,"born":85,"died":86,"era":11,"summary":87,"causes":88},"Djamila Bouhired","djamila-bouhired","/women/djamila-bouhired.jpg","Algeria",1935,null,"Algerian resistance fighter of the Battle of Algiers whose torture and death sentence became a global scandal that helped expose the brutality of French colonial rule. She walked free as Algeria won independence and remains one of the revolution's most enduring faces.",[43,89,90,26],"Nationalist politics","Human rights",{"name":92,"slug":93,"image":94,"country":95,"born":96,"died":97,"era":11,"summary":98,"causes":99},"Doria Shafik","doria-shafik","/women/doria-shafik.jpg","Egypt",1908,1975,"The Egyptian philosopher and publisher who stormed parliament with 1,500 women and starved herself until Egypt promised women the vote, then was erased from history for defying Nasser.",[41,100,101],"Women's education and literacy","Political freedom",{"name":103,"slug":104,"image":105,"country":106,"born":107,"died":108,"era":11,"summary":109,"causes":110},"Flora Nwapa","flora-nwapa","/women/flora-nwapa.jpg","Nigeria",1931,1993,"First African woman novelist published in Britain (Efuru, 1966). Founded Tana Press and served as commissioner; called the 'Mother of Modern African Literature'.",[111,112,113,114],"Women's representation in literature","Publishing & education","Post-war reconstruction","Cultural preservation",{"name":116,"slug":117,"image":118,"country":106,"born":119,"died":120,"era":11,"summary":121,"causes":122},"Gambo Sawaba","gambo-sawaba","/women/gambo-sawaba.jpg",1933,2001,"Nigerian activist who fought for women's right to vote in Northern Nigeria at enormous personal cost, arrested over 17 times and imprisoned repeatedly for defying the political establishment.",[41,40,123,124],"Women's education","Northern Nigeria women's rights",{"name":126,"slug":127,"image":128,"country":129,"born":130,"died":131,"era":11,"summary":132,"causes":133},"Gisèle Rabesahala","gisele-rabesahala","/women/gisele-rabesahala.jpg","Madagascar",1929,2011,"Madagascar's pioneering stateswoman: at 17 she joined the nationalist struggle, at 27 became the first Malagasy woman to lead a political party, and in 1977 became the country's first woman government minister.",[134,135,136,137,138],"Malagasy independence","Amnesty for political prisoners","Women's political participation","Malagasy culture and language","Anti-colonialism",{"name":140,"slug":141,"image":142,"country":143,"born":49,"died":144,"era":11,"summary":145,"causes":146},"Jeanne Martin Cissé","jeanne-martin-cisse","/women/jeanne-martin-cisse.png","Guinea",2017,"Guinean teacher and diplomat who became the first woman ever to preside over the United Nations Security Council, took delivery of 100,000 petitions against apartheid, and served her country from the classroom to the cabinet until a coup swept it all away.",[26,43,28,147,79],"Education",{"name":149,"slug":150,"image":151,"country":106,"born":152,"died":153,"era":11,"summary":154,"causes":155},"Ladi Kwali","ladi-kwali","/women/ladi-kwali.jpg",1925,1984,"Gbagyi master potter who carried Nigerian hand-building tradition onto the world stage. The first woman at the Abuja Pottery Training Centre, an MBE, an NNOM holder, and the only woman on a Nigerian banknote.",[156,114,157,158],"Arts & culture","Women's recognition","Traditional craft",{"name":160,"slug":161,"image":162,"country":106,"born":163,"died":164,"era":11,"summary":165,"causes":166},"Margaret Ekpo","margaret-ekpo","/women/margaret-ekpo.jpg",1914,2006,"Nigerian women's rights activist and pioneer politician who mobilised thousands of women in Eastern Nigeria during the independence era, breaking into a political system designed to exclude them.",[136,167,43,89],"Grassroots organising",{"name":169,"slug":170,"image":171,"country":172,"born":130,"died":173,"era":11,"summary":174,"causes":175},"Mariama Bâ","mariama-ba","/women/mariama-ba.jpg","Senegal",1981,"Senegalese novelist and feminist whose novel So Long a Letter became a landmark of African women's writing. Teacher and advocate for women's education and equality.",[176,147,177,178],"Women's rights in literature","Polygamy & marriage law","Social justice",{"name":180,"slug":181,"image":182,"country":183,"born":184,"died":185,"era":11,"summary":186,"causes":187},"Muthoni Kirima","muthoni-kirima","/women/placeholder.svg","Kenya",1930,2023,"The only woman to reach the rank of Field Marshal in Kenya's Mau Mau uprising, who fought British colonial rule from the forests of Mount Kenya. She spent the rest of her life demanding that her country honour the freedom fighters it chose to forget.",[77,188,189],"Sovereignty & independence","Women's leadership",{"name":191,"slug":192,"image":193,"country":183,"born":49,"died":185,"era":11,"summary":194,"causes":195},"Muthoni Likimani","muthoni-likimani","/women/muthoni-likimani.jpg","Kenyan writer, broadcaster, and Mau Mau supporter who documented the untold stories of women in Kenya's independence struggle through her groundbreaking book 'Passbook Number F.47927'.",[43,78,26,147],{"name":197,"slug":198,"image":199,"country":200,"born":201,"died":60,"era":11,"summary":202,"causes":203},"Rose Chibambo","rose-chibambo","/women/rose-chibambo.jpg","Malawi",1928,"Malawian independence activist and politician who was a founding leader of the Malawi Congress Party, mobilising women across the country in the fight against British colonial rule.",[43,136,40,188],{"name":205,"slug":206,"image":207,"country":208,"born":107,"died":209,"era":11,"summary":210,"causes":211},"Sally Mugabe","sally-mugabe","/women/sally-mugabe.jpg","Zimbabwe",1992,"First wife of Robert Mugabe; teacher and activist who supported the liberation struggle from exile. First Lady of Zimbabwe (1980–1992); advocated for refugees and education.",[77,26,212,213],"Refugee support","Independence struggle",{"name":215,"slug":216,"image":217,"country":218,"born":219,"died":220,"era":11,"summary":221,"causes":222},"Sophie Kanza","sophie-kanza","/women/sophie-kanza.jpg","Democratic Republic of the Congo",1940,1999,"Sociologist and stateswoman who became the first Congolese woman to earn a university degree and, at twenty-six, the first woman ever to hold government office in the DRC, before rising to senior leadership at UNESCO.",[223,136,224,225,226],"Women's access to education","Social welfare","Educational equity","Disability rights",{"name":228,"slug":229,"image":230,"country":200,"born":231,"died":86,"era":11,"summary":232,"causes":233},"Vera Chirwa","vera-chirwa","/women/vera-chirwa.jpg",1932,"Malawian lawyer and human rights activist. Co-founded the Malawi Congress Party; imprisoned for over a decade under Banda; later UN Special Rapporteur on prisons.",[90,234,40,26],"Rule of law",{"name":236,"slug":237,"image":182,"country":183,"born":59,"died":131,"era":11,"summary":238,"causes":239},"Wambui Otieno","wambui-otieno","Kenyan freedom fighter and women's rights advocate who fought in the Mau Mau uprising as a teenager, later becoming a fierce defender of women's property and inheritance rights.",[43,26,40,90],1789050127199]